{"id":5494,"date":"2026-01-23T16:30:45","date_gmt":"2026-01-23T13:30:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/?p=5494"},"modified":"2026-01-23T16:30:45","modified_gmt":"2026-01-23T13:30:45","slug":"girisbu-yazida-bazi-ulkelerin-bilim-ve-teknoloji-politikalari-planlamalari-degerlendirilecek-ve-turkiyede-basarili-bir-bilim-ve-teknoloji-planlamasindan-elde-ed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/?p=5494","title":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong>
Bu yaz\u0131da, baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin bilim ve teknoloji politikalar\u0131 (planlamalar\u0131) de\u011ferlendirilecek ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bilim ve teknoloji planlamas\u0131ndan elde edilebilecek sonu\u00e7la"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong>
Bu yaz\u0131da, baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin bilim ve teknoloji politikalar\u0131 (planlamalar\u0131) de\u011ferlendirilecek ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bilim ve teknoloji planlamas\u0131ndan elde edilebilecek sonu\u00e7lar ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. \u00a0Bilim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcr, dil tarih gibi, bir toplum veya insan grubu i\u00e7indeki inan\u00e7lar\u0131n, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n, de\u011ferlerin ve bilginin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayan geni\u015f bir terimdir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr, insanlar\u0131n toplum \u00fczerindeki etkisinden kaynaklan\u0131r ve toplum normlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bilim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem bilim hem de k\u00fclt\u00fcr birbirini etkiler. Bilim ve teknolojideki yenilikler, toplumun uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131 gereken bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr de\u011fi\u015fimini zorunlu k\u0131larken, k\u00fclt\u00fcr de bilim toplulu\u011funun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve bilimdeki ilerlemenin odak noktalar\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Bug\u00fcn pek \u00e7ok \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli meselesi ulusal planlamalard\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tablo-1\u2019de 2026 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki en de\u011ferli 5 \u015firket g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n 5\u2019inin de teknoloji \u015firketleri olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Zirvede, yapay zek\u00e2 ve \u00e7ip teknolojilerindeki k\u00fcresel liderli\u011fiyle NVIDIA yer ald\u0131. \u015eirket, 4,60 trilyon dolarl\u0131k piyasa de\u011feriyle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en de\u011ferli \u015firketi konumuna y\u00fckseldi. Onu Apple ve Alphabet, Microsoft, Amazon gibi teknoloji \u015firketleri takip etti.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Tablo-1: 2026 Y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnyan\u0131n En De\u011ferli 5 \u015eirketi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u015eirket<\/span><\/td>\nDe\u011feri<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NVIDIA<\/span><\/td>\n4,60 trilyon dolar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Apple<\/span><\/td>\n4,05 trilyon dolar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alphabet (Google)<\/span><\/td>\n3,80 trilyon dolar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Microsoft<\/span><\/td>\n3,55 trilyon dolar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Amazon<\/span><\/td>\n2,45 trilyon dolar<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

Bilim ve teknoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Ara\u015ft\u0131rma-Geli\u015ftirme (Ar-Ge) olarak da an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Geli\u015ftirme (Ar-Ge) tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 ana faaliyet alan\u0131n\u0131 kapsar:
1. Temel ara\u015ft\u0131rma: Temel Bilimler sahas\u0131nda bilgi \u00fcretimi.
2. Uygulamal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma: \u00d6zel bir problemi \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen inceleme.
3. Deney \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131: Deney yaparak mevcut bilgi, malzeme ve y\u00f6ntemlerle yenilik\u00e7i \u00fcr\u00fcn, s\u00fcre\u00e7 veya hizmete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme.<\/p>\n

\u0130NG\u0130LTERE\u2019DE YAPILAN PLANLAMALAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k 176O\u2019larda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ba\u015flayan sanayi devrimi 1820-1840 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131na ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletlerine yay\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de haz\u0131rlanan bilim politika tarihi raporunda (BASP,2019), son 100 y\u0131lda \u0130ngiliz bilim politikas\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmelerin tarihi incelenmi\u015ftir.
Bu rapora g\u00f6re, bilim politikas\u0131 ve sanayi stratejisi aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131, \u0130ngiltere H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 2017’de Sanayi Stratejisi’ni yay\u0131nlamas\u0131yla giderek daha \u00f6nemli hale gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngiliz bilim politikas\u0131, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Tekno- Milliyet\u00e7ilik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ve Serbest Piyasa \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 diye ikiye ayr\u0131labilir.
Sanayi (\u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r), 1980’lerden beri \u0130ngiltere’de Ar-Ge’nin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck sekt\u00f6r olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam ederken, ayn\u0131 zamanda 1980’lerden bu yana Ar-Ge’nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck finans\u00f6r\u00fc haline de gelmi\u015ftir. \u015eu anda di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn sekt\u00f6rlerin toplam\u0131ndan daha fazla fon sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimdeki Ar-Ge performans\u0131 da \u00f6zellikle 1998’den beri art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterirken, devlet taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan Ar-Ge\u2019ler azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de sekt\u00f6rlerin 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ar-Ge harcamalar\u0131 Tablo-2\u2019de verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tablo-2:\u00a0<\/strong>\u0130ngiltere\u2019de 2016 Y\u0131l\u0131nda Sekt\u00f6rlerin Ar-Ge Harcamalar\u0131 (Milyon Sterlin, \u00a3)<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ar-Ge Finans Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nDevlet\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nAra\u015ft\u0131rma Konseyleri\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nY\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n\u00d6zel \u0130\u015fletmeler\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nKar Amac\u0131 G\u00fctmeyen \u00d6zel Kurulu\u015flar\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nToplam\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\nYurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Devlet\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1136<\/span><\/td>\n137<\/span><\/td>\n483<\/span><\/td>\n1730<\/span><\/td>\n98<\/span><\/td>\n3584<\/span><\/td>\n542<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Konseyleri\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n47<\/span><\/td>\n554<\/span><\/td>\n2107<\/span><\/td>\n5<\/span><\/td>\n197<\/span><\/td>\n2910<\/span><\/td>\n292<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim Finansman Konseyleri\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2207<\/span><\/td>\n2207<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2<\/span><\/td>\n17<\/span><\/td>\n299<\/span><\/td>\n–\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n131<\/span><\/td>\n449<\/span><\/td>\n–\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00d6zel \u0130\u015fletmeler\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n15<\/span><\/td>\n25<\/span><\/td>\n350<\/span><\/td>\n16742<\/span><\/td>\n18<\/span><\/td>\n17150<\/span><\/td>\n6658<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kar Amac\u0131 G\u00fctmeyen \u00d6zel Kurulu\u015flar\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n13<\/span><\/td>\n42<\/span><\/td>\n1242<\/span><\/td>\n188<\/span><\/td>\n170<\/span><\/td>\n1655<\/span><\/td>\n–\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n122<\/span><\/td>\n60<\/span><\/td>\n1346<\/span><\/td>\n3560<\/span><\/td>\n85<\/span><\/td>\n5173<\/span><\/td>\n–\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toplam\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1335<\/span><\/td>\n835<\/span><\/td>\n8034<\/span><\/td>\n22225<\/span><\/td>\n699<\/span><\/td>\n33128<\/span><\/td>\n7492<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

Tablodan g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin 2016 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki toplam Ar-Ge harcamalar\u0131 33,1 trilyon sterlindir. Bu miktar\u0131n y\u00fczde 67\u2019si \u00f6zel \u015firket harcamalar\u0131, y\u00fczde 24\u2019\u00fc Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011frenim harcamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Devlet ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma konseylerinin pay y\u00fczde 7, kar amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flar\u0131n pay\u0131 %2\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019DE B\u0130L\u0130M VE TEKNOLOJ\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anayasa<\/strong><\/p>\n

1776 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f olan Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletlerinin ilk Anayasas\u0131, 11 y\u0131l sonra 1787 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilmi\u015f. Bu anayasan\u0131n kendisi, bilimsel yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fvik etme iste\u011fini yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. ABD Kongresi’ne “yazarlara ve mucitlere, ilgili yaz\u0131lar\u0131 ve ke\u015fifleri \u00fczerinde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcreler i\u00e7in m\u00fcnhas\u0131r hak tan\u0131yarak bilimin ve faydal\u0131 sanatlar\u0131n ilerlemesini te\u015fvik etme” yetkisini vermektedir. Bu madde, orijinal sanat ve teknoloji yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan verilen bir tekel elde edece\u011fi ve bu tekelin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre sonra t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flara serbest hale gelerek kamu alan\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirece\u011fi ABD patent ve telif hakk\u0131 sistemlerinin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Erken Amerikan Bilimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, tarihinin ilk on y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Avrupa’dan nispeten kopuk ve olduk\u00e7a yoksul bir \u00fclkeydi. Bu d\u00f6nemde, Amerika’n\u0131n bilim altyap\u0131s\u0131, Avrupa’daki uzun s\u00fcredir kurulmu\u015f toplumlar, enstit\u00fcler ve \u00fcniversitelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hala olduk\u00e7a ilkeldi.
Amerika’n\u0131n kurucu ba\u015fkanlar\u0131ndan sekizi, bilimi \u00e7ok te\u015fvik eden insanalard\u0131. Mesela, Benjamin Franklin, bizzat elektrik hakk\u0131ndaki insan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftiren bir dizi deney yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bilim (Beyin) g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Amerikan siyasi liderlerinin bilgiye olan co\u015fkusu, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden gelen bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cak bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya da yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Dikkat \u00e7ekici ilk g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden biri, muhalif siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri nedeniyle 1794\u2019te anavatan\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclen ve ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u0130ngiliz kimyager Joseph Priestley idi. \u00a01872’de \u0130sko\u00e7ya’dan Kanada \u00fczerinden gelen Alexander Graham Bell, telefonu ve ilgili icatlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirip patentini ald\u0131. Nikola Tesla, 1884’te Avusturya-Macaristan’dan Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ne gitti.
1889’da Almanya’dan gelen Charles Proteus Steinmetz, \u201cGeneral Electric\u201d \u015eirketi’nde yeni alternatif ak\u0131m elektrik sistemleri geli\u015ftirdi. 1919’da Rusya’dan Amerika’ya gelen g\u00f6\u00e7men Vladimir Zworykin, x-\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 ve katot \u0131\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcpleri hakk\u0131ndaki bilgisiyle geldi. 1900’lerin ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar Avrupa, \u00f6zellikle \u0130ngiltere ve Almanya’da bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n merkezi olmaya devam etti. 1920’lerden itibaren, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ayak sesleri, Avrupa’da aral\u0131kl\u0131 ancak istikrarl\u0131 bir bilim g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc veya “beyin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc” tetikledi. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, \u00f6zellikle Almanya ve \u0130talya’da antisemitizmin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan korkan Yahudi bilim insanlar\u0131yd\u0131 ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak arad\u0131lar. G\u00f6\u00e7en ilklerden biri 1933’te Albert Einstein’d\u0131(An\u015ftayn). Onun te\u015fvikiyle ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman deste\u011fiyle, daha \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyisi olan Almanya’n\u0131n teorik fizik toplulu\u011funun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ne gitti. Enrico Fermi (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de kald\u0131), 1938’de \u0130talya’dan geldi ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk kendi kendini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren n\u00fckleer zincirleme reaksiyonunu \u00fcreten \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. Niels Bohr, Victor Weisskopf, Otto Stern ve Eugene Wigner d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilim insan\u0131 da ayn\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ABD’ye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok fizik\u00e7i de \u201cHidrojen bombas\u0131n\u0131n babas\u0131” olarak bilinen Macar Edward Teller ve Alman Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc Hans Bethe gibi Avrupal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlerdi. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdi\u011finde, ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Harry S. Truman, Stratejik Hizmetler Ofisi, Ortak \u0130stihbarat Hedefleri Ajans\u0131 (JIOA) alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Paperclip Operasyonunu (program\u0131n\u0131) ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu program\u0131n 1990’da sona ermesine kadar, Paperclip Operasyonunun \u00e7e\u015fitli meslek ve disiplinlerde 1600’den fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 i\u015fe ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor. Almanya\u2019dan Amerika\u2019ya giden von Braun 1960’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru NASA i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi Saturn V roketi, 1969’daki Apollo 11 g\u00f6reviyle Ay’a ilk insanl\u0131 ini\u015fi sa\u011flad\u0131. Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelen teknoloji ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nin geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Uygulamal\u0131 Bilimler<\/strong><\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Almanya, bilim ve matematikteki yeni fikirlerin \u00f6n saflar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Daha sonra Amerika\u2019da \u00f6nemli icatlar yap\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Amerikal\u0131 mucitler aras\u0131nda Robert Fulton (buharl\u0131 gemi); Samuel Morse (telgraf); Eli Whitney (pamuk \u00e7\u0131r\u00e7\u0131r\u0131); Cyrus McCormick (bi\u00e7er) ve ad\u0131na binden fazla icat atfedilen Thomas Alva Edison yer almaktad\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma laboratuvar\u0131 fonograf\u0131, ilk uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc ampul\u00fc ve ilk kullan\u0131labilir film kameras\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. Edison her zaman bilimsel bir uygulamay\u0131 ilk geli\u015ftiren ki\u015fi olmasa da, bir fikri pratik bir sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131ran ki\u015fi genellikle oydu. 1890\u2019larda Wilbur ve Orville Wright karde\u015fler, Alman plan\u00f6r (motorsuz hava arac\u0131) deneylerine dair anlat\u0131mlardan b\u00fcy\u00fclenerek u\u00e7u\u015f prensipleri \u00fczerine kendi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ransom E. Olds (Oldsmobile) ve Henry Ford (Ford Motor \u015eirketi) otomobil \u015firketleri, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda montaj hatt\u0131n\u0131 yayg\u0131n bir \u00fcne kavu\u015fturdu. 1947\u2019de, Bell Laboratuvarlar\u0131’ndan John Bardeen, William Shockley ve Walter Brattain, modern elektronik cihazlar\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131nda kilit bir bile\u015fen olan transist\u00f6r\u00fc icat etmek i\u00e7in son derece geli\u015fmi\u015f kuantum fizi\u011fi prensiplerinden yararland\u0131lar. Bu da mikroi\u015flemcilerin, yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n, ki\u015fisel bilgisayarlar\u0131n ve internetin geli\u015fimine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Amerika’n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki uygulamal\u0131 bilimlerdeki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131, 2009’da 401,6 milyar dolar olan ve \u00c7in’in 154,1 milyar dolar\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131ndan fazla ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi’nin 297,9 milyar dolar\u0131n\u0131n %25’inden fazla olan devasa ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme b\u00fct\u00e7esinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Atom \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ve \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Bilim\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

1938’de Alman fizik\u00e7ilerin bir uranyum \u00e7ekirde\u011fini par\u00e7alamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, bir\u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 n\u00fckleer zincirleme reaksiyonunun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve olas\u0131 oldu\u011fu sonucuna vard\u0131. A\u011fustos 1945’te Japonya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan atom bombas\u0131, kitle imha silahlar\u0131 konusunda endi\u015felerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’tan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme \u00e7abalar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcren Atom \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bununla birlikte, Atom \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, n\u00fckleer enerji ve n\u00fckleer t\u0131p alan\u0131ndaki ilerlemeler gibi n\u00fckleer enerjinin bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l kullan\u0131mlar\u0131yla da karakterize edilmi\u015ftir. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki ilk ticari n\u00fckleer santral 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda Illinois’de faaliyete ge\u00e7ti. 1979’da Pennsylvania’daki Three Mile Island’da meydana gelen bir kaza, bir\u00e7ok Amerikal\u0131y\u0131 n\u00fckleer enerjiye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7evirdi. Fakat \u015fu anda n\u00fckleer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara devam edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Telekom ve teknoloji<\/strong><\/p>\n

Silikon Vadisi’ndeki SRI International ve Xerox PARC, ki\u015fisel bilgisayar end\u00fcstrisinin do\u011fmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurken, ARPA ve NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e: Ulusal Havac\u0131l\u0131k ve Uzay Dairesi), ARPANET ve \u0130nternet’in geli\u015ftirilmesini finanse etmi\u015ftir.
1960’larda, International Business Machines (IBM) i\u015f bili\u015fimine hakim oldu. IBM, ilk kapsaml\u0131 bilgisayar ailesini (System\/360) piyasaya s\u00fcrerek end\u00fcstride devrim yaratt\u0131. Bu durum, rakiplerinin \u00e7o\u011funun ya birle\u015fmesine ya da iflas etmesine sebep olarak IBM’i daha da bask\u0131n bir konuma getirdi. IBM, 1971’de piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen disket, s\u00fcpermarket kasa \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve 1973’te piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Otomatik Para \u00c7ekme Makinelerinin erken bir bi\u00e7imi olan IBM 3614 T\u00fcketici \u0130\u015flem Tesisi gibi bir\u00e7ok icad\u0131yla bilinir. 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda DynaTAC 8000x, piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen ilk el tipi mobil telefon oldu. 1983’ten 2014’e kadar d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda mobil telefon abonelikleri yedi milyar\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131; bu da D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki her insana bir tane sa\u011flamaya yetecek kadard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Uzay \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131nda, \u00fcst\u00fcn f\u00fcze kabiliyeti i\u00e7in rekabet, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131nda Uzay yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Amerikal\u0131 Robert Goddard, roket itme sistemleriyle deney yapan ilk bilim insanlar\u0131ndan biriydi. Son y\u0131llarda, Goddard’\u0131n roketleri yakla\u015f\u0131k iki kilometreye varan m\u00fctevaz\u0131 y\u00fcksekliklere ula\u015ft\u0131 ve roket\u00e7ili\u011fe olan ilgi Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nde artt\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, M\u00fcttefik kuvvetler ilerlerken, hem Amerikan hem de Rus kuvvetleri, \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in ganimet olarak ele ge\u00e7irilebilecek en iyi Alman bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131lar. 1957’de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ilk uydu olan Sputnik 1’i f\u0131rlatt\u0131 ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri 1958’de Explorer 1 ile bunu takip etti. \u0130lk insanl\u0131 uzay u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131 1961’in ba\u015flar\u0131nda, \u00f6nce Sovyet kozmonot Yuri Gagarin ve ard\u0131ndan Amerikal\u0131 astronot Alan Shepard taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Amerikan uzay program\u0131 sayesinde, Apollo 11 Ay’a indirildi. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ayr\u0131ca d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen uydu navigasyon sistemi olan K\u00fcresel Konumland\u0131rma Sistemi’ni (GPS) geli\u015ftirdi. 20 Nisan 2021’de MOXIE, kat\u0131 oksit elektrolizi kullanarak Mars atmosferindeki karbondioksitten oksijen \u00fcretti.\u00a0<\/p>\n

T\u0131p ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fizik ve kimyada oldu\u011fu gibi, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan beri fizyoloji veya t\u0131p alan\u0131ndaki Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’nde de Amerikal\u0131lar bask\u0131n konumdad\u0131r. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde biyomedikal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n odak noktas\u0131 \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r olmu\u015f ve bu ba\u015far\u0131da \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Amerikal\u0131 virolog Maurice Hilleman, 40’tan fazla a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmesiyle t\u0131p alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rekor k\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1957’de Guizhou’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Asya gribine ve 1968’de Hong Kong gribine kar\u015f\u0131 ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lar geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle, k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fcden end\u00fcstri %57, Howard Hughes T\u0131p Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc gibi k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flar %7 ve vergiyle finanse edilen Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Enstit\u00fcleri (NIH) Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki t\u0131bbi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n %36’s\u0131n\u0131 finanse ediyordu. Ancak 2003 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, NIH t\u0131bbi ara\u015ft\u0131rma fonlamas\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca %28’ini finanse ediyordu; \u00f6zel end\u00fcstri taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan fonlama 1994’ten 2003’e kadar %102 artt\u0131. NIH’in yard\u0131m\u0131yla molek\u00fcler genetik ve genomik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar biyomedikal bilimde devrim yaratt\u0131. 1980’ler ve 1990’larda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar insanlarda gen terapisinin ilk denemesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler ve \u015fimdi insan genomundaki bir\u00e7ok genin yerini belirleyebiliyor, tan\u0131mlayabiliyor ve i\u015flevini a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliyorlar. \u00dcniversiteler, hastaneler ve \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da hastal\u0131klar\u0131n te\u015fhis ve tedavisinde iyile\u015fmeye katk\u0131da bulunuyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, NIH, Edinilmi\u015f Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k Yetmezli\u011fi Sendromu (AIDS) \u00fczerine temel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 finanse etti, ancak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedavi etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Amerikan ila\u00e7 end\u00fcstrisinin laboratuvarlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; bu ila\u00e7lar \u00fclke genelindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezlerinde test ediliyor.<\/p>\n

BAZI \u00dcLKELER\u0130N AR-GE HARCAMALARININ KAR\u015eILA\u015eTIRILMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin Ara\u015ft\u0131rma- Geli\u015ftirme (Ar-Ge) harcamalar\u0131 2023 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in Tablo-3\u2019te g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. \u0130srail, 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirmeye (Ar-Ge) 28,3 milyar dolar harcayarak GSY\u0130H’nin (Gayri Safi Yurt \u0130\u00e7i Has\u0131la) %6,3’\u00fcne ula\u015ft\u0131; bu oran OECD ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131ndan fazlad\u0131r. OECD\u2019nin 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131 ile 37 \u00fcye \u00fclkesi mevcuttur.
G\u00fcney Kore, \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r finansman\u0131yla desteklenen %5’lik Ar-Ge yo\u011funlu\u011fuyla ikinci s\u0131rada yer al\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye, oran\u0131 1,4 ile d\u00fcnyada 31. S\u0131radad\u0131r.
Bu arada, ABD, GSY\u0130H’nin %3,4’\u00fcn\u00fc Ar-Ge’ye harcayarak 823,4 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131 ve bu da d\u00fcnyadaki en y\u00fcksek seviye oldu. D\u00fcnyada, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme (Ar-Ge) harcamalar\u0131 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2,8 trilyon dolara ula\u015ft\u0131; bu rakam, enflasyona g\u00f6re d\u00fczeltildi\u011finde, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana 1 trilyon dolardan art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Genel olarak, bu harcaman\u0131n %46’s\u0131 Asya ekonomilerinden, %29’u Kuzey Amerika’dan ve %21’i Avrupa’dan geldi. Yenilik\u00e7ili\u011fin kritik bir itici g\u00fcc\u00fc olan Ar-Ge yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, savunma ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinden teknoloji ve ye\u015fil enerjiye kadar say\u0131s\u0131z sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u015fekillendiriyor.<\/p>\n

Tablo-3: Baz\u0131 \u00dclkelerin oran olarak Ar-Ge Harcamalar\u0131, 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00dclke \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n(GSY\u0130H’nin %’si olarak) Ar-Ge Harcamalar\u0131, 2023\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n\u00dclke \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n\n

(GSY\u0130H’nin %’si olarak) Ar-Ge Harcamalar\u0131,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2023 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00dclke \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n\n

(GSY\u0130H’nin %’si olarak) Ar-Ge Harcamalar\u0131,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2023 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00dclke \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n\n

(GSY\u0130H’nin %’si olarak) Ar-Ge Harcamalar\u0131,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2023 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1. \u0130srail\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n6.3 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n11. Finlandiya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.1 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n21. Estonya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.8 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n31. T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n1.4 \u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. G\u00fcney Kore\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n5.0 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n12. Danimarka\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.0 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n22. \u00c7ekya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.8 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n32. H\u0131rvatistan\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.4 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Tayvan\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n4.0 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n13. \u0130ngiltere\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2.8 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n23. Kanada\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.8 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n33. Macaristan\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.4 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. \u0130sve\u00e7\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.6 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n14. \u0130zlanda\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2.7 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n24. Portekiz\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.7 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n34. \u0130talya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.3 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. ABD\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.4 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n15. \u00c7in\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2.6 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n25. Avustralya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.7 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n35. Litvanya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.0 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. Japonya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.4 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n16. Hollanda\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2.2 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n26. \u0130rlanda\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.6 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n36. Slovakya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.0 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. Bel\u00e7ika\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.3 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n17. Fransa\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2.2 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n27. Polonya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.6 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n37. L\u00fcksemburg\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.0 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8. \u0130svi\u00e7re\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.3 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n18. Slovenya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n2.1 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n28. \u0130spanya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.5 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n38. Letonya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0.8 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9. Avusturya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.3 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n19. Norve\u00e7\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.9 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n29. Yunanistan\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.5 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n39. Bulgaristan\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0.8 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10. Almanya\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n3.1 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n20. Singapur\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.8 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n30. Yeni Zelanda\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n1.5 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n40. G\u00fcney Afrika\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n0.6 \u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

D\u00fcnya \u00c7ap\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Ar-Ge yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 her y\u0131l de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler E\u011fitim, Bilim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr Te\u015fkilat\u0131na (UNESCO) g\u00f6re k\u00fcresel Ar-Ge harcamas\u0131 2024 itibar\u0131yla 1,7 trilyon ABD dolar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131. En \u00e7ok Ara\u015ft\u0131rma- Geli\u015ftirme yapan ilk 5 \u00fclke, harcamalar\u0131 dolar cinsinden ve harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n GSY\u0130H oranlar\u0131 Tablo-4\u2019te g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. En \u00e7ok harcama ABD yapmakta, en y\u00fcksek oranda harcamay\u0131 ise G\u00fcney Kore ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu harcaman\u0131n %80\u2019i yaln\u0131zca on \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor. OECD verileri, 2024 sonunda ABD\u2019nin 850 milyar USD, \u00c7in\u2019in 500 milyar USD ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n 175 milyar USD d\u00fczeyinde harcama yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Tablo-4: 2024 Y\u0131l\u0131nda En \u00c7ok Ar-Ge Harcamas\u0131 Yapan \u00dclkeler ve Harcamalar\u0131 (Dolar)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S\u0131ra<\/td>\n\u00dclke<\/td>\nAr-Ge Harcamas\u0131 (2024, USD)<\/td>\nGSYH\u2019ye Oran<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nABD<\/td>\n850 Milyar<\/td>\n3,40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n\u00c7in<\/td>\n500 Milyar<\/td>\n2,60%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nJaponya<\/td>\n175 Milyar<\/td>\n3,30%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nAlmanya<\/td>\n155 Milyar<\/td>\n3,20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nG\u00fcney Kore<\/td>\n110 Milyar<\/td>\n4,80%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

\u00dclkelerin Ara\u015ft\u0131rma- Geli\u015ftirme harcamalar\u0131, onlar\u0131n \u00f6zel \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan giderek artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00dcNYADA AR-GE E\u011e\u0130L\u0130MLER\u0130 (2026-2030)<\/strong><\/p>\n

2026-2030 aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyadaki Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fme y\u00f6n\u00fc (e\u011filimi) Tablo- 5\u2019te g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n etki alan\u0131 ila\u00e7 ke\u015ffi, malzeme bilimi, havac\u0131l\u0131k, medikal cihaz, hidrojen batarya, karbon yakalama genomik ve kuantum olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Tablo-5: 2026-2300 Y\u0131llar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Ar-Ge E\u011filimleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
E\u011filim<\/td>\nEtki Alan\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yapay Zek\u00e2 Destekli Laboratuvarlar<\/td>\n\u0130la\u00e7 ke\u015ffi, malzeme bilimi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dijital \u0130kiz ve Sim\u00fclasyon<\/td>\nHavac\u0131l\u0131k, medikal cihaz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ye\u015fil Ar-Ge<\/td>\nHidrojen, batarya, karbon yakalama<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k Ar-Ge Konsorsiyumlar\u0131<\/td>\nGenomik, kuantum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ar-Ge Servisleri<\/td>\nKOB\u0130\u2019ler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

NOBEL \u00d6D\u00dcLLER\u0130<\/strong>
2025 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla d\u00fcnyadaki Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc alan \u00fclkelerin nobel say\u0131lar\u0131 \u015eekil-1\u2019de g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re 428 Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc ABD, 145\u2019ini \u0130ngiltere ve 116\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 Almanya kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fransa ise 79 \u00f6d\u00fclle 4. s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu tablo da bilim ve teknoloji yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6nde olan \u00fclkeleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir. 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 1026 Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc verilmi\u015f, bunlardan 3 tanesi T\u00fcrkiyedendir.Bunlar Orhan Pamuk (2006),Aziz Sancar (2015) ve Daron Acemo\u011flu (2024)\u2019dur.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u015eekil-1: \u00dclkelerin Kazand\u0131klar\u0131 Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc Say\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE B\u0130L\u0130M VE TEKNOLOJ\u0130<\/strong>
Bu konuya girerken bir hat\u0131ram\u0131 aktaray\u0131m. 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019de doktora sonras\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yaparken ailece ak\u015fam yeme\u011fine davet edildi\u011fimiz me\u015fhur Matematik (\u0130statistik) profes\u00f6r\u00fc Dr. S\u0131dd\u0131qi\u2019nin evinde sohbet ederken onun lisede okuyan o\u011flu Yusuf\u2019un ba\u015fka bir odada ders \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu babas\u0131 s\u00f6yleyince, Yusuf\u2019un \u00fcniversitede hangi mesle\u011fi se\u00e7ece\u011fini sordum. Babas\u0131 \u201cFizik bilim\u201d dal\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi. Ben hayret ederek o zaman T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tercih edilen m\u00fchendislik ve doktorlu\u011fun ni\u00e7in olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordum. Babas\u0131, \u201cBurada en \u00f6nemli meslekler fizik, kimya, matematik gibi temel bilim dallar\u0131d\u0131r\u201d, demi\u015fti. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, bir ailenin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ve yetenekli bir \u00e7ocu\u011funun bilim adam\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fini hi\u00e7 duymad\u0131m. B\u00f6yle bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr, maalesef bizde yok. \u00c7ocuklu\u011fumda, sadece baz\u0131 anne veya b\u00fcy\u00fckannelerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n haf\u0131z veya din \u00e2limi olmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok istediklerini hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum. Y\u00fcce Kur\u2019an\u2019da, insanlar\u0131n k\u00e2inat\u0131 tefekk\u00fcr etmesi 137 defa ge\u00e7er. Peygamberimiz, \u201c\u0130lim \u00c7in\u2019de de olsa gidip al\u0131n\u0131z\u201d demi\u015ftir. Toplum olarak k\u00e2inat\u0131 anlamayla ve ilimle ne kadar ilgiliyiz? Halbuki son 500 y\u0131lda Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok ruhban\u0131n (Din alimi) \u00e7e\u015fitli bilim ve teknik dallarda \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu (T\u00dc\u0130K) 2023 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin toplam Ar-Ge harcamas\u0131 377,5 milyar TL (yakla\u015f\u0131k 14,1 milyar USD) ve GSYH\u2019ye oran\u0131 %1,43 olarak kaydedilmi\u015ftir. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in Tablo-6\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye ve OECD \u00fclkelerinin Ar-Ge harcamalar\u0131 ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r paylar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bu oran 2015\u2019te %1,06 seviyesindeydi; dokuz y\u0131lda d\u00fczenli art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlense de OECD ortalamas\u0131 %2,7\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ar-Ge ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6nleri 1. savunma sanayii, 2. Sa\u011fl\u0131k teknolojileri olarak \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tablo-6: 2023 Y\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ve OECD \u00dclkeleri Ar-Ge Harcamalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n
G\u00f6sterge<\/td>\nT\u00fcrkiye (2023)<\/td>\nOECD Ort.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ar-Ge\/GDP<\/td>\n1,43%<\/td>\n2,70%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Say\u0131s\u0131 (tam zamanl\u0131 e\u015fde\u011fer)<\/td>\n232 000<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00d6zel Sekt\u00f6r Pay\u0131<\/td>\n63%<\/td>\n72%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

D\u00dcNYADAK\u0130 EN \u0130Y\u0130 100 \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TE<\/strong>
2000\u2019den fazla \u00fcniversite incelenmi\u015f ve 2026 s\u0131ralamalar\u0131nda ilk 100\u2019e giren en iyi \u00fcniversitelerin \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re say\u0131lar\u0131 Tablo-7\u2019de g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. 2026 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re 22 \u00fclkenin ilk 100 \u00fcniversitede \u00fcniversitesi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Listeye g\u00f6re ABD 24, \u0130ngiltere 17, Avustralya 9 \u00fcniversite ilk \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131ray\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 4. ve 5. S\u0131ralara \u00c7in ve Almanya yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n ilk 100 i\u00e7ine 1 \u00fcniversite sokmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. 100 \u00fcniversitenin 29\u2019u Amerika, 37\u2019si Avrupa, 25\u2019i Asya ve 9\u2019u Okyanusya k\u0131talar\u0131ndad\u0131r.
Tablodan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki 209 \u00fcniversiteden hi\u00e7biri ilk 100 \u00fcniversite aras\u0131na girememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tablo-7: \u201cQS \u00dcniversite 2026\u201d S\u0131ralamas\u0131nda \u00dclkelerin \u0130lk 100\u2019e Giren \u00dcniversite Say\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No<\/td>\n\u00dclke<\/td>\nK\u0131ta<\/td>\n\u00dclkelerin ilk 100 \u0130\u00e7indeki \u00dcniversite Say\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nABD<\/td>\nAmerika<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n\u0130ngiltere<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nAvustralya<\/td>\nOkyanusya<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n\u00c7in<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nAlmanya<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nHong Kong<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nKanada<\/td>\nAmerika<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nFransa<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nJaponya<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nG\u00fcney Kore<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n\u0130svi\u00e7re<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\n\u0130sve\u00e7<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nSingapur<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nHollanda<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nMalezya<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\nBel\u00e7ika<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nTaiwan<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nYeni Zelanda<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\nSuudi Arabistan<\/td>\nAsya<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n\u0130rlanda<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nArjantin<\/td>\nAmerika<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n\u0130talya<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/td>\nToplam<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zel \u015firketler, vak\u0131flar, dernekler Ar-Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na daha fazla mali kaynak ve insan ay\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yetenek insanlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ar -Ge \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmesi te\u015fvik edilmeli. Ayr\u0131ca devlet ve vak\u0131f \u00fcniversitelerinde, BAP (Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projeleri) projelerine daha fazla kaynak sa\u011flanmal\u0131 ve yetenekli ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

SONU\u00c7<\/strong>
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yap\u0131lacak ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bilim ve teknoloji d\u00fczenlemeleri ve planlamalar\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sonu\u00e7lar elde edilebilir.
– Vatanda\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f bulur; i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 azal\u0131r.
– Teknolojideki geli\u015fmeler ihracat\u0131, ihracat ise ekonominin geli\u015fmesini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.
– Bilim ve teknikte T\u00fcrkiye, d\u00fcnyada ilk 10. S\u0131ralarda yer alabilir.
– 209 \u00fcniversiteden en az 2-3 tanesi d\u00fcnyadaki ilk 100 \u00fcniversite aras\u0131na girebilir.
– Yabanc\u0131 dil \u00f6\u011frenmek bilim ve teknoloji i\u00e7in hatta sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in zorunlu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar.
– Yetenekli ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan insanlar bilim ve teknolojiye y\u00f6nlendirilirse d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru olan beyin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc durur, hatta d\u0131\u015ftan i\u00e7e g\u00f6\u00e7ler h\u0131zlanabilir.
– Orta \u00f6\u011fretimdeki yetenekli \u00f6\u011frenciler, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan dev\u015firilip o \u00fclkelere hizmet etme\u011fe zorlanmaktan kurtar\u0131labilir.
– Daha fazla uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci e\u011fitim i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi tercih edilebilir.
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, 21. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrkiye, bilim ve teknolojide planl\u0131 politikalarla ilerleyerek ekonomik, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 garantiler ve y\u00fcksek bir medeniyet seviyesine ula\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong>
BASP (The British Academy Strategic Plan, 2018-2022). (2019). Lessons from the History of UK Science Policy, 83 s.
OECD Bilim, Teknoloji ve Ar-Ge \u0130statistikleri: Ana Bilim ve Teknoloji G\u00f6stergeleri. (2018). https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/rd\/grossdomestic-spending-on-r-d.htm
Tar\u0131mc\u0131, \u00c7., Ko\u00e7ak. M. \u00c7. Ve Mutlu, S. (1986). \u201cBilimsel ve Teknik \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi (Frascati El Kitab\u0131 1980), De\u011fi\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), Frascati Manual. (2015).: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development: The measurement of scientific, technological and innovation activities, 7. Bask\u0131, 2015, ISBN: 9264238808, 9789264238800.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015eBu yaz\u0131da, baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerin bilim ve teknoloji politikalar\u0131 (planlamalar\u0131) de\u011ferlendirilecek ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bilim ve teknoloji planlamas\u0131ndan elde edilebilecek sonu\u00e7lar ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. \u00a0Bilim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcr, dil tarih gibi, bir toplum veya insan grubu i\u00e7indeki inan\u00e7lar\u0131n, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n, de\u011ferlerin ve bilginin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayan geni\u015f bir terimdir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr, insanlar\u0131n toplum \u00fczerindeki etkisinden kaynaklan\u0131r ve toplum […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5495,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5494","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-caykara"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5494","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5494"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5494\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5495"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5494"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5494"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeleka.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5494"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}